The design of a photovoltaic system is a complex process involving several considerations, including module orientation, available area, site aesthetics, and the energy demand to be met. Furthermore, it is essential to evaluate solar resource availability, one of the main factors impacting PV system efficiency.
The goal of the design is to ensure that the PV generator is sized appropriately to meet the electrical energy needs of the location.
In this article, we will discuss important details for those seeking to install a solar system at their company.
Sizing of a Photovoltaic System Project
Sizing a photovoltaic system project aims to adjust the radiant energy received by the solar modules from the sun to the electrical energy demand to be supplied. This balance is crucial to ensure that the system is efficient and meets all user needs without wasting resources.
Before proceeding with the description of the steps in a solar system project, it is important to distinguish between off-grid PV systems and on-grid PV systems. In the case of off-grid systems, the PV generator aims to meet a specific electrical consumption, requiring precise calculation of energy demand. Conversely, in on-grid systems, generated energy can be supplemented by grid electricity, making consumption less critical.
Types of Photovoltaic System Projects
There are two main categories of PV systems: isolated (off-grid) and on-grid. Both can operate exclusively with the photovoltaic source or be combined with other energy sources, forming hybrid systems. The choice between these options depends on the application and availability of energy resources. For example, in a hybrid solar system project (such as a PV system with a diesel generator), the contribution of each source can vary from 0% to 100%, depending on various factors, such as:
- Initial installation cost
- Maintenance cost
- Fuel availability
- Environmental impacts (noise and atmospheric pollution)
These factors directly influence the project decision, which must be adapted to the specific needs of the location and the feasibility of each energy solution.
Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Systems
Off-grid PV systems, whether purely photovoltaic or hybrid, generally require some form of energy storage. Storage can be achieved through batteries or other storage methods, allowing the use of generated energy during periods of low or no PV generation, such as at night. Batteries, in addition to providing energy when needed, also serve as a direct current (DC) voltage reference for the system inverters.
In on-grid PV systems, battery usage is not necessary because generated energy can be consumed directly by loads or injected into the electrical grid, where it will be distributed to other consumer units. This type of system is becoming increasingly popular, especially in countries such as Brazil, Japan, the United States, and various nations in Europe. The power ratings of these systems vary, ranging from small residential installations of a few kWp up to large power plants with power in the order of MWp.
Micro and Minigeneration Photovoltaic
In Brazil, the design of a solar PV system for microgeneration and minigeneration is regulated by ANEEL Normative Resolution No. 482/2012. This resolution establishes the conditions for access of distributed microgeneration and minigeneration systems to the electrical grid. The main points of the resolution are:
- Distributed Microgeneration: PV systems with installed power up to 100 kW.
- Distributed Minigeneration: PV systems with installed power between 100 kW and 1 MW.
These systems can be connected to the distribution grid and use the electrical energy compensation system, in which active energy injected by a consumer unit with distributed microgeneration or minigeneration is granted, via free loan, to the local distributor and subsequently compensated with the consumption of active electrical energy by that same consumer unit or another consumer unit of the same ownership as the consumer unit where the credits were generated, provided it has the same Individual Taxpayer Registry (CPF) or Corporate Taxpayer Registry (CNPJ) with the Ministry of Finance.
Solar Module Mounting Structure
The module mounting structure plays a crucial role in system installation. It is responsible for ensuring that modules are secure, aligned, and correctly positioned to maximize solar light capture. Additionally, the structure must meet rigorous criteria of resistance and durability, especially in regions with adverse climatic conditions, such as strong winds or heavy rains.
To ensure the delivery of a quality project, the following are considered: manufacturing material, durability (how much it can withstand weather), and technical standards. Therefore, it is fundamental to have an engineering team with deep knowledge about solar systems, in addition to using high-quality materials, which are indispensable.
In summary, the photovoltaic system project must be carefully planned to ensure it efficiently meets the energy needs of an installation. Correct sizing, configuration choice (off-grid or on-grid), and use of appropriate storage technologies are fundamental elements for the success of the PV system.
By following guidelines and regulations, such as ANEEL Resolution 482/2012, it is possible to obtain an efficient, sustainable, and economically viable solar PV system project.
Sunergia® is a company of the Group AE Solar GmbH, a German group recognized worldwide for quality and know-how in PV products and services, which possesses:
- More than 20 years of experience in PV technology and services
- German Quality Control
- More than 3,200 installations worldwide
- International quality certifications – ISO, SGS, EN, TUV
- Product with PVEL quality seal
We offer the market a complete proposal of service and support for Electric Self-generation needs, from planning to final system activation, following with transparency and establishing rigorous quality control in all processes and installations.
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